FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY

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Edward Jenner is often called "the father of immunology" and his work is said to have saved more lives than any other man.

Edward Jenner was born on 17 May 1749 in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England as the eighth of nine children. His father, the Reverend Stephen Jenner, was the vicar of Berkeley, so Jenner received a strong basic education. He went to school in Wotton-under-Edge at Katherine Lady Berkeley's School and in Cirencester.

During this time, he was inoculated for smallpox, which had a lifelong effect on his general health. At 14, he was apprenticed for seven years to Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon of Chipping Sodbury, South Gloucestershire, where he gained most of the experience needed to become a surgeon.

In 1773, Jenner became a successful family doctor and surgeon, practicing on dedicated premises at Berkeley. In 1792, with twenty years of experience in general practice and surgery, Jenner obtained the degree of MD from the University of St Andrews.

Jenner was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1788, following his publication of a careful study of the previously misunderstood life of the nested cuckoo. This study combined observation, experiment, and dissection.

He pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae ('pustules of the cow'), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 in the title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox.

Jenner postulated that the pus in the blisters that affected individuals affected by cowpox protected them from smallpox. On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by inoculating James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy who was the son of Jenner's gardener. He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom. Phipps was the 17th case described in Jenner's first paper on vaccination.

Jenner was found in a state of apoplexy(rupture of an internal organ and the accompanying symptoms) on 25 January 1823, with his right side paralyzed. He did not recover and died the next day of an apparent stroke on 26 January 1823.


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