INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOGENOMICS

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Pharmacogenomics, also known as pharmacogenetics, is the study of how a person's genes affect their response to drugs. The term comes from the words pharmacology and genomics and is thus the intersection of pharmaceuticals and genetics. Pharmacogenomics holds the promise that drugs might one day be tailor-made for individuals and adapted to each person's own genetic makeup. How a person responds to a drug (including positive and negative reactions) is a complex trait influenced by many different genes. 
Pharmacogenomics combines traditional pharmaceutical sciences such as biochemistry with annotated knowledge of genes, proteins, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. The most common variations in the human genome are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). There are estimated to be approximately 11 million SNPs in the human population, with an average of one every 1,300 base pairs.

HISTORY:
The first recorded association with pharmacogenetics dates back to 510 BC when Pythagoras noted that ingesting fava beans proved fatal in selected individuals, but was not a widespread result. This was later discovered to depend on the genome of different individuals, specifically a deficiency in G6PD. Throughout the 20th century, there were several breakthroughs in the field, including the discovery of glucose-6-phosphate deficiency and other inherited defects in metabolism, which may affect an individual’s response to a medication.
 The terminology of pharmacogenetics for the genetically determined response to pharmaceutical products was not introduced until 1957.

ADVANTAGES:
A 1998 study of hospitalized patients published in the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that in 1994, adverse drug reactions accounted for more than 2.2 million serious cases and over 100,000 deaths, making adverse drug reactions (ADRs) one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death in the United States. 
Many of the deaths could have been avoided if the physician had prior knowledge of the patient's genetic profile, which determines the drug response. Currently, pharmaceutical companies are limited to developing drugs using a one-size-fits-all system.
Pharmacogenomics eventually can lead to an overall decrease in the cost of health care because of decreases in: 
(1) the number of adverse drug reactions.
(2) the number of failed drug trials.
(3) the time it takes to get a drug approved.
(4) the length of time patients are on medication.
(5) the number of medications patients must take to find an effective therapy. (6) the effects of a disease on the body (through early detection).

DISADVANTAGES:
Pharmacogenomics is a developing research field that is still in its infancy.
The following are the drawbacks:                                                                        (1)Complexity of finding gene variations that affect drug response.
(2)Limited drug alternatives.
(3)Disincentives for drug companies to make multiple pharmacogenomic products.

Pharmacogenomics is currently viewed as an important area for scientific research, as the promise of targeting drugs according to the specific genetic makeup of each patient has tangible benefits in practice, if able to be implemented correctly.

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