MORPHINE

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INTRODUCTION
Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral, sublingual via inhalation, injection into a muscle, injection under the skin, or injection into the spinal cord area transdermal or via rectal suppository. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain.

HISTORY                                                                                                                                                      Morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner. This is believed to be the first isolation of a medicinal alkaloid from a plant. Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853–1855. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium, after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, as it tends to cause sleep. The primary source of morphine is isolation from the poppy straw of the opium poppy. In 2013, approximately 523 tons of morphine were produced.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE


Morphine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with two additional ring closures. A rigid pentacyclic structure consisting of a benzene ring (A), two partially unsaturated cyclohexane rings (B and C), a piperidine ring (D), and a tetrahydrofuran ring (E). Rings A, B, and C are the phenanthrene ring system. This ring system has little conformational flexibility. Two hydroxyl functional groups: a C3-phenolic [hydroxyl group] (pKa 9.9) and a C6-allylic [hydroxyl group], An ether linkage between E4 and E5, Unsaturation between C7 and C8, A basic, [tertiary]-amine function at position 17, [and][Five] centers of chirality (C5, C6, C9, C13 and C14) with morphine exhibiting a high degree of stereoselectivity of analgesic action.

USES
Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain. Its duration of analgesia is about three to seven hours. It is used for pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains. Morphine has also traditionally been used in treating acute pulmonary edema (Pulmonary edema is excessive fluid accumulation in the tissue or air spaces of the lungs). However, a 2006 review found little evidence to support this practice. A 2016 Cochrane review concluded that morphine is effective in relieving cancer pain.
In the setting of breathlessness at rest or on minimal exertion from conditions such as advanced cancer or end-stage cardiorespiratory diseases, regular, low-dose sustained-release morphine significantly reduces breathlessness safely, with its benefits maintained over time.

ADVERSE EFFECTS
1. Constipation
2. Hormone Imbalance
3. Affects human performance
4. Addiction
5. Tolerance
6. Withdrawal symptoms
7. Effects on the immune system

CAUTION

You should not take morphine if you have severe asthma or breathing problems, a blockage in your stomach or intestines, or a bowel obstruction called paralytic ileus. Morphine can slow or stop your breathing and may be habit-forming. Misuse of Opioid medicine can cause addiction, overdose, or death, especially in a child or other person using the medicine without a prescription. Keep the medication in a place where others cannot get to it. Taking opioid medicine during pregnancy may cause life-threatening withdrawal symptoms in the newborn. Fatal side effects can occur if you use morphine with alcohol, or with other drugs that cause drowsiness or slow your breathing.








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