LAB IN THE BOX🦠🔬🧪

Hi Folks!! Follow our blog on Instagram  LAB IN THE BOX ADVANCING VITICULTURE USING CRISPR GENOME IN  GRAPEVINES Viticulture is the scientific study of grapes, including their growth and production. It also refers to the practice of cultivating grapevines for a specific purpose, such as wine production or fresh table grapes CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene-editing technology that allows researchers to correct errors in the genome and turn genes on or off. It's considered the simplest, most versatile, and precise method of genetic manipulation.  CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing consists of two elements:  Guide RNA: Locates the target DNA to be edited Cas-9: A protein that cuts the DNA at the location identified by guide RNA The GFP gene can be inserted downstream of the promoter of a gene in another organism. If the GFP gene is inserted correctly, it can be expressed in organisms other than jellyfish. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) holds significant economic and cultural value, driving the need for rap

Hi Folks!! Follow our blog on Instagram  LAB IN THE BOX Pharmacogenomics, also known as pharmacogenetics, is  the study of how a person's genes affect their response to drugs. The  term comes from the words pharmacology and genomics and is thus the intersection of pharmaceuticals and genetics. Pharmacogenomics holds the promise that drugs might one day be tailor-made for individuals and adapted to each person's own genetic makeup. How a person responds to a drug (including positive and negative reactions) is a complex trait influenced by many different genes.  Pharmacogenomics combines traditional pharmaceutical sciences such as biochemistry with annotated knowledge of genes, proteins, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. The most common variations in the human genome are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). There are estimated to be approximately 11 million SNPs in the human population, with an average of one every 1,300 base pairs. HISTORY: The first recorded associ

Hi Folks!! Follow our blog on Instagram  LAB IN THE BOX Hunter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder in which your child’s body doesn’t properly digest certain sugar molecules like glycosaminoglycans. When these molecules build up in organs and tissues over time, they can cause damage that affects physical and mental development. Hunter syndrome is one of a group of diseases called mucopolysaccharidoses. Another name for Hunter syndrome is mucopolysaccharidosis type II or MPS II. It is a very rare disorder diagnosed in roughly 1 out of every 100,000 to 170,000 children. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The symptoms of Hunter syndrome (MPS II) are generally not apparent at birth. The first symptoms may often include  abdominal hernias ,  ear infections , runny noses, and  colds . As the buildup of GAGs continues throughout the body's cells, signs of MPS II become more visible. The physical appearance of many children with the syndrome includes a distinctive coarseness in their facial feature

Hi Folks!! Follow our blog on Instagram  LAB IN THE BOX Hemophilia A is a genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factor VIII. It is the most common type of hemophilia, representing about 80% to 85% of all cases. Clotting factor VIII is crucial for the blood to form clots and prevent excessive bleeding.  Key points about Hemophilia A: 1. Genetic Inheritance: Hemophilia A is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern primarily affecting males. Females can be carriers, but they typically do not show symptoms. 2. Symptoms: Individuals with hemophilia A may experience prolonged bleeding after injuries, easy bruising, and spontaneous bleeding. Joint bleeding is common and can lead to chronic joint disease if not properly managed. 3. Treatment: The mainstay of treatment for hemophilia A involves replacing the missing factor VIII through intravenous infusions. This can help control bleeding and prevent complications. 4. Factor VIII Replacement Therapy: Recombinant factor VIII or p

Hi Folks!! Follow our blog on Instagram  LAB IN THE BOX Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a condition that occurs almost exclusively in males. It is characterized by neurological and behavioural abnormalities and the overproduction of uric acid.   Uric acid accumulation can also cause kidney and bladder stones.  The prevalence of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is approximately 1 in 380,000 individuals . This condition occurs with a similar frequency in all populations. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS   The symptoms of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome may become apparent as early as six months of age. Earlier urate crystal formation , resulting from abnormally increased uric acid levels in the urine, leads to the presence of orange-coloured deposits in the diapers of infants with this disorder. This may be the first manifestation of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, but it is seldom recognized in early infancy. In older children with this disorder, deposits of sodium urate in cartilaginous tissues in joints and the ears; in the ears, they f

Hi Folks!! Follow our blog on Instagram LAB IN THE BOX Edward Jenner is often called "the father of immunology " and his work is said to have saved more lives than any other man. Edward Jenner was born on 17 May 1749 in Berkeley, Gloucestershire , England as the eighth of nine children. His father, the Reverend Stephen Jenner, was the vicar of Berkeley, so Jenner received a strong basic education. He went to school in Wotton-under-Edge at Katherine Lady Berkeley's School and in Cirencester . During this time, he was inoculated for smallpox , which had a lifelong effect on his general health. At 14, he was apprenticed for seven years to Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon of Chipping Sodbury, South Gloucestershire, where he gained most of the experience needed to become a surgeon. In 1773, Jenner became a successful family doctor and surgeon, practicing on dedicated premises at Berkeley. In 1792, with twenty years of experience in general practice and surgery, Jenner obtained

Hi Folks!! Follow me on instagram  LAB IN THE BOX Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek is known as the “Father of Microbiology”.Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Hailing from the Netherlands, he was not only a successful businessman but also a scientist of great repute. He thrived during the flourished era of Dutch science and technology in the 17th century, earning the endearing title of the “Father of Microbiology” due to his revolutionary findings that transformed our comprehension of the microscopic realm. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek’s groundbreaking contributions to microbiology began with his remarkable improvements to the microscope. In an era when microscopes offered limited magnification, Van Leeuwenhoek ingeniously boosted their power from 20x to an astonishing 270x. This significant advancement paved the way for his groundbreaking discoveries. Van Leeuwenhoek’s term “Animalcules” referred to the microscopic single-celled organisms he discovered. This discovery not only expanded our knowledge of the m

Hi Folks!! Follow me on instagram  LAB IN THE BOX FATHER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Károly Ereky  ( German :  Karl Ereky ; 20 October 1878 – 17 June 1952) was a  Hungarian  agricultural engineer. The term ' biotechnology ' was coined by him in 1919.  He is regarded by some as the "father" of biotechnology. Ereky coined the word "biotechnology" in Hungary during 1919 in a book he published in Berlin called  Biotechnologie der Fleisch-, Fett- und Milcherzeugung im landwirtschaftlichen Grossbetriebe  (Biotechnology of Meat, Fat and Milk Production in an Agricultural Large-Scale Farm) where he described a technology based on converting raw materials into a more useful  product, Károly   Ereky was born on 18 October 1878 in Esztergom, Hungary. He completed his education in Budapest and Berlin, where he studied agricultural engineering. After completing his education, he worked as a machine designer for several paper and food industries in Vienna, Austria. In 1919, he becam

Hi Folks!! Follow me on instagram  LAB IN THE BOX 5. SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Synthetic biology involves designing and re-engineering new biological systems that do not exist in nature. It has enormous potential for developing new drugs. 6. PRECISION MEDICINE Precision medicine is a personalized approach to healthcare that uses genetic, genomic and clinical data to tailor treatment to the individual needs of the patient. It offers the potential to improve patient outcome and reduce health care costs For e.g. :- 1. Pharmacogenomics can be used to identify patients who may have adverse reaction to certain drugs so that allowing them for personalized drug treatment                       2. Liquid biopsy which is a minimally invasive diagnostic tool that can detect cancer at the early stages leading to the better treatment outcome 7. IMMUNO- ONCOLOGY:- Immuno-oncology involves using the immune system to treat cancer it has shown great promises in improving cancer treatment outcome. For e.g. :- Th

Hi Folks!! Follow me on instagram  LAB IN THE BOX 5. GENE EDITING Gene-editing technology, particularly the Crispr- cas9 system, has revolutionized the field of genetics. It enables scientists to precisely edit genes in living organisms, offering new possibilities for curing genetic diseases and engineering organisms foe beneficial traits. E.g: Used to correct the genetic defect that causes the disease. Gene editing can be used to engineer drought resistance, making them more resilient to climate change. 6. CELL THERAPY Cell therapy involves using living cells to treat or prevent diseases. It has shown great potential in treating cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other disorders. It has three types, 1.CAR- T cell therapy 2.STEM Cell therapy 3. T-cell Immunotherapy

Hi Folks!! Follow me on Instagram  LAB IN THE BOX 3.MULTI OMICS Multi - omics involves the study of multiple omic data which includes genomics, transcriptions, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, lipidomics, glycomics etc., to gain a better understanding of biological system so multi-omics is being used in the precision medicine to develop personalized treatment based on the individual unique genetic makeup and it is playing very significant role in the cancer treatment. The another utilization of multi- omic is in the drug development. Multi-omics is also being used in drug development to identify new targets and can be used to treat diseases and can use multi omic for disease diagnosis say it for precision diagnostic so multi omic is also being used in disease diagnosis to improve the accuracy and speed. 4. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOTS):-  It involves the use of sensors and other devices to collect and transmit data over the internet. The IoT involves the use of sensors and other devi

Hi Folks!! Follow me on Instagram  LAB IN THE BOX 1. IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING IN BIOTECHNOLOGY Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are booming in recent days, which is creating an impact in Biotechnology too. AI & ML  have revolutionized the field of biotech by enabling us to analyze and interpret large amounts of Biological data at a much faster  rate than before. This has resulted in the development of new Drugs, more accurate diagnosis and also in personalized treatment. AI & ML are being used in Drug discovery & Designing in Silico Medicine It is also  being used to predict Disease Outbreaks and the spread of Infectious Diseases [E.g.:- In COVID 19] It is also being used in Medical Imaging and diagnosis to Improve Accuracy and Speed. 2. APTAMER TECHNOLOGY Aptamers are short Nucleic Acid molecules that can bind to specific targets such as proteins or cells, with high affinity and specificity. Depending on this role, we can utilize

Hi Folks!! Follow me on Instagram  LAB IN THE BOX BACTERIAL USAGE FOR REMOVING OIL SPILLS Petroleum based products are major source of energy for industry and daily life. Due to it's high demand, the competition for oil trade is also high. Certainly the leaks and accidents occur on a regular basis. The latest one being the oil spill in Mauritius on July 25, which lead to lead to leakage of about 1400 tonnes of oil into the Island waters. Oil spills and its impacts on the environment are a growing concern for scientists and environmentalists. These disasters lead to huge loss of biodiversity and economy. Impact of oil spills on environment can be severe. The oil floats on water and prevent sunlight to pass through them, which kills the plants and animals which need sunlight. The oil can also clog the blowholes of whales and dolphins, leading to suffocation and death. Seabird's feather gets sticky and heavy, making them unable to fly. It destroys the insulating ability of fur - b

 Here are some laboratory projects involving microalgae that can be highly beneficial to society: 1. Microalgae-Based Water Purification: Develop a system using microalgae to treat and purify wastewater. This project can focus on removing contaminants like heavy metals, organic pollutants, and nutrients from sewage, making water safer for reuse or discharge. 2. Algae-Based Air Quality Improvement: Investigate the use of microalgae to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and produce oxygen. This could be applied in closed environments, such as spacecraft or underground facilities, to improve air quality. 3. Nutrient Recycling : Create a closed-loop system where microalgae are used to recover nutrients from organic waste or agricultural runoff. The harvested microalgae biomass can then be used as a nutrient-rich fertilizer, promoting sustainable agriculture. 4. Bioenergy from Microalgae: Focus on producing biofuels (e.g., biodiesel or bioethanol) from microalgae. This contributes to

 Hi Folks!! Follow me on instagram  LAB IN THE BOX ALGAE HABITATS OF ALGAE Every organism depends on water. There are two main forms of algae: Macro algae (seaweeds), which are present in the littoral zone which includes green, brown, and red algae, and microalgae, which are distributed throughout the ocean waters in both bentheic and littoral environments grown as phytoplankton. They appear in a variety of shapes and colours. Algal blooms are distinguished by a prominent coloration of water due to a huge number of pigmented algae cells, which are known to be mostly made up of bio-toxins. Green, red, brown, and yellow are among the colours. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and red tides are the two main forms of algal blooms (red algal blooms). These organisms can breed in freshwater lakes and saltwater waters. It can also withstand different temperatures, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentrations, acidity, and turbidity. For example, according to algae, giant kelp is found more than 200

Hi Folks!! Follow me on instagram  LAB IN THE BOX ALGAE There are 5 types of Life cycle 1. Haplontic Life Cycle 2.Diplontic Life cycle 3.Diplohaplontic Life Cycle 4.Haplobiontic Life Cycle 5.Diplobiontic Life Cycle 1. HAPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE  In this type of life cycle the main plant body is gametophytic (haploid) that produces mitospore during growing season that develops into gametophytic plant. Towards the end of the growing season gametophyte produces gametes (haploid). Zygote/zygospore (diploid) is formed after gametic fusion, which is the only diploid phase in the life cycle. Soon after their formation zygospores/zygote divides by meiosis to form meiospores that germinates into gametophytic thallus. Such a life cycle is called haplontic life cycle and the most primitive one in which zygotic meiosis takes place and there is no formation of sporophytic thallus (diploid). 2.DIPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE The dominant plant thallus is diploid. The thallus reproduces sexually by gametes that are f